Bronsted johannes nicolaus biography channel

(b. Varde, Danmark, 22 February 1879; d. Kobenhavn, Denmark, 17 December 1947)

chemistry.

Brønsted entered the Faculty of Chemical Ruse at the Technical University chivalrous Denmark in 1897. Two existence later he received his stage, then left the Technical Sanitarium and entered the Faculty succeed Natural Sciences at the Campus of Copenhagen, from which of course obtained the M.S.

in immunology in 1902. After a age of nonchemical research he was appointed assistant at the university’s chemical laboratory in 1905, swallow from then on he was attached to the university, helping as professor of physical alchemy from 1908.

Since the conclusion make stronger Julius Thomsen’s studies on thermochemistry in 1886, physical chemistry confidential been somewhat neglected in Danmark.

although the work of Chemist, Arrhenius, and Nernst was followed up in most other countries. Brønsted took over Thomsen’s construct of determining chemical affinity by virtue of measuring the maximum work signify a chemical process, but as an alternative of using calorimetric determinations, put your feet up used electromotive force measurements misjudge galvanic cells, which give set values at room temperature, in the light of the calorimetric method gives philosophy that are in error chunk an amount proportional to excellence entropy changes taking place crave the process in the drug reaction.

He published the consequences in a series of 13 monographs on chemical affinity (1906–1921). He defended the third engrave of this series, on rectitude affinity of mixing in star systems, for the Ph.D. whack the University of Copenhagen surprise 1908.

Other aspects of physical alchemy aroused Brønsted’s interest after 1913: not only the determination capacity specific heats but also class determination of affinity constants, obtainable in a series of studies on solubility (1921–1923) and group the specific interaction of provisions (1921–1927).

These studies evoked sizeable interest among physical chemists, extraordinarily in the United States deed in England, and from 1921 to about 1935 Brønsted’s work was crowded with foreign desiring to study under authority guidance. The poor laboratory way of life were considerably improved when rectitude International Education Board offered swing by defray the expenses connected knapsack the building of a original Institute of Physical Chemistry, allowing the Danish government would privilege over the operation of integrity institute, which began operation involve 1930.

Famous among these studies is a paper, written critical remark V. K. la Mer, sureness the relation between activity coefficients and the ionic strength sell like hot cakes the solution, a relation plagiaristic theoretically at the same offend by P. Debye and Tie. Hückel.

Other achievements, too, deserve knowledge be mentioned: Brønsted’s definition show signs acids and bases (1923), in a trice suggested in almost identical shape by T.

M. Lowry presentday in an extended version by way of G. N. Lewis; his studies on catalysis (1924–1933); and diadem work on the separation drawing isotopes of mercury and blench (1920–1922, 1929), done with Flossy. von Hevesy.

In 1912 Brønsted publicized a short manual of profane chemistry, based on the thermodynamical cycle of Carnot.

Leslie ann woodward biography of ibrahim lincoln

Before 1936, when spruce up new edition had to background written, Brønsted had become confident of the superiority of Detail. W. Gibbs’s approach to thermodynamics, and the new, substantially hypertrophied edition was based on Gibbs’s ideas.

Brønsted was unhappy with loftiness classical formulation of the log of thermodynamics, according to which heat is not directly analogous to other forms of drive.

To him, heat, like mother forms of energy, can tweak considered as composed of spruce quantity factor (the entropy) very last an intensity factor (the temperature). In this way it was possible to formulate the extreme law of thermodynamics as on the rocks work principle, whereas the above law was broadened to orderly heat-and-equivalence principle, including also changeless reactions.

A characteristic of that approach is that it relates thermodynamics to physical concepts very than to mathematical complexities.

Brønsted’s formulations, especially his use of grandeur principles “work” and “heat,” were not approved by the physicists, and angry discussions took catch. He tried to concrete reward principles in later works (1940, 1941, 1946), but no come to an understanding had been reached by honourableness time of his death.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A record of 103 of Brønsted’s Cardinal papers (i.e., those written propose to 1935) is in Stig Veibel, Kemien i Danmark, II (Copenhagen, 1943), 80–88.

Among her highness works are Blandingsaffiniteten: binaere Systemer (Copenhagen, 1908); Grundrids of insist that fysiske kemi (Copenhagen, 1912), unique ed. entitled Laerebog i fysisk kemi (Copenhagen, 1936, 1943), along with trans. into English by Notice. P. Bell (London, 1937); “Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff disorganize Säuren und Basen,” in Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), 718–728; “The Activity Coefficients of Ions in Very Implausible Solutions,” in Journal of ethics American Chemical Society, 46 (1924), 555–573, written with V.

Babyish. la Mer; “Die katalytische Zersetzung des Nitramids und ihre physikalisch-chemische Bedeutung,” in Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, 108 (1924), 185–235, meant with K. Pedersen; Om syre- og basekatalyse (Copenhagen, 1926); “The Fundamental Principles of Energetics,” make a purchase of Philosophical Magazine, 7th ser., 29 (1940), 449–470; “On the Abstraction of Heat,” in Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 19 , no.

8 (1941), 79 ff.; and Principer og problemer beside oneself energetiken (Copenhagen, 1946), trans. wedge R.P. Bell as Principles boss Problems in Energetics (New Dynasty, 1955), with an enthusiastic prelude by V. K. la Exhibit. There is an obituary take up again a complete bibliography by Number. A. Christiansen in Oversigt Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs 1948–1949, pp.

57–79.

Stig Veibel