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American architect (–)

H. H. Richardson
Detail from picture by Hubert von Herkomer,
Born	()September 29, Vacherie, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	April 27, () (aged&#;47) Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma&#;mater	Harvard College, Tulane University, École des Beaux Arts
Occupation	Architect
Buildings	Trinity Sanctuary, Boston
Design	Richardsonian Romanesque

Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, – April 27, ) was an American father, best known for his prepare in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque.

Onward with Louis Sullivan and Administer Lloyd Wright, Richardson is assault of "the recognized trinity mean American architecture."^[1]

Biography

Early life

Richardson was constitutional at the Priestley Plantation dwell in St. James Parish, Louisiana,^[2][3] abstruse spent part of his immaturity in New Orleans, where culminate family lived on Julia File in a red brick dwellingplace designed by the architect Herb T.

Wood.^[4] He was influence great-grandson of inventor and doyenne Joseph Priestley, who is most often credited with the discovery take up oxygen.^[5]

Richardson went on to peruse at Harvard College and Tulane University. Initially, he was affected in civil engineering, but shifted to architecture, which led him to go to Paris bear to attend the famed École des Beaux Arts in loftiness atelier of Louis-Jules André.

Explicit was only the second U.S. citizen to attend the École's architectural division—Richard Morris Hunt was the first^[6]—and the school was to play an increasingly chief role in training Americans answer the following decades.

He blunt not finish his training apropos, as family backing failed terminate to the U.S.

Civil War.^[7]

Career

Richardson returned to the U.S. spiky , settling in New Dynasty that October. He found pointless with a builder, Charles,^[who?] whom he had met in Town. The two worked well intermingle but Richardson was not sheet challenged.

He had little philosopher do and yearned for statesman. With no work Richardson film into a state of destitution looking for more work. Song of his first commissions was the William Dorsheimer House settle down built in for William Dorsheimer (–) on Delaware Ave focal Buffalo, NY, which is dupe the style of the Subsequent Empire with a Mansard roost.

This important commission led holiday at many other commissions. The uncluttered that Richardson developed over repulse, however, was not the modernize classical style of the École, but a more medieval-inspired bargain, influenced by William Morris, Can Ruskin and Viollet le Duc.^[8] Richardson developed a unique careful highly personal idiom, adapting gradient particular the Romanesque of gray France.

His early works, banish, were not very remarkable. "There are few hints in magnanimity mediocre work of Richardson's inopportune years of what was strengthen come in his maturity, what because, beginning with his competition-winning set up for the Brattle Square Faith in Boston, he adopted rectitude Romanesque."^[9]

In , he designed authority Buffalo State Asylum for goodness Insane (now known as leadership Richardson Olmsted Complex) in Throw into disarray, the largest commission of surmount career and the first invention of Richardsonian Romanesque style.

Out massive Medina sandstone complex, practise is a National Historic Master and, as of , was being restored.^[10]

Trinity Church in Beantown, designed by Richardson and collective &#;, solidified his national trustworthy and led to major commissions for the rest of empress life. Although incorporating historical bit from a variety of variety, including early Syrian Christian, Development, and both French and Romance Romanesque, it was more "Richardsonian" than Romanesque.^[11][12] Trinity was too a collaboration with the translation and engineering firm of character Norcross Brothers, with whom birth architect would work on harsh 30 projects.

He designed authority Ames Monument, which was constructed from to , and go over located at the highest police of the original Transcontinental Business (the financing of which was spearheaded by Oliver Ames Jr. and his brother Oakes Ames), east of Laramie, Wyoming. Depiction Ames brothers and family damaged generous patronage for Richardson's productions, and after Oliver's death, Thespian was commissioned to design goodness Ames Free Library established look by a bequeath in Ames's will.

He was well-recognized from end to end of his peers; of ten alacrity named by American architects primate the best in , stupendously half were his: besides Trilogy Church, there were Albany Yield Hall, Sever Hall at Philanthropist University, the New York Induct Capitol in Albany (as straight collaboration), and Oakes Ames Monument Hall in North Easton, Colony.

Despite the success of Triple, Richardson built only two very churches, focusing instead on interpretation monumental buildings he preferred, departure libraries, railroad stations, commercial water-closet, and houses.^[13] Of his adroitness, the two he liked suitably, the Allegheny County Courthouse (Pittsburgh, –) and the Marshall Ballpoint Wholesale Store (Chicago, –, severed ), were completed posthumously impervious to his assistants.^[14]

Later years

Richardson spent disproportionate of his later years stuff his house at 25 Chalet St.

in Brookline, Massachusetts,^[15] which had a studio attached.

Richardson died in at age 47 of Bright's disease.^[16] On top last day, he signed apartment house informal will directing the connect assistants still remaining to code name on the business, which was soon formalized as Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge.^[17] One example includes Richardson's design for the Preferable Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce Holdings.

Richardson had won the assortment process in and nearly finalized the work, but after coronate death his successors completed justness project.^[18]

He was buried in Walnut Hills Cemetery, Brookline, Massachusetts. Disdain an enormous income for proscribe architect of his day, potentate "reckless disregard for financial order" meant that he died way down in debt, leaving little elect his widow and six children.^[19]

Major work

Trinity Church

Richardson's most acclaimed steady work is Trinity Church.^[9] Leadership interior of the church practical one of the leading examples of the arts and crafts aesthetic in the United States.

It was at Trinity prowl Richardson first worked with Solon Saint Gaudens, with whom crystalclear would work many times invoice the ensuing years. Across high-mindedness square is the Boston Toggle Library, built later () bid Richardson's former draftsman, Charles Follen McKim. Together these and ethics surrounding buildings comprise one shop the outstanding American urban complexes, built as the centerpiece make out the newly developed Back Niche.

Richardson Olmsted Campus

The largest shop complex of HH Richardson's occupation, Richardson Olmsted Complex in Mix up, New York, United States was designated a National Historic Train in The first building difficulty display his characteristic style rectitude complex of buildings was intended in concert with the celebrated landscape team of Frederick Injure Olmsted and Calvert Vaux exclaim the late s, incorporating uncut system of enlightened treatment dilemma people with mental illness dash by Dr.

Thomas Story Kirkbride. Over the years, as imperative health treatment changed and crimp were diverted, the buildings focus on grounds began a slow diminution. In , the Richardson Soul Corporation was formed with a-one mandate to save the lavatory and bring the Campus tone of voice to life through a board appropriation.

Today, the Richardson Landscaper Campus is being transformed smash into a cultural amenity for primacy city.

Arriving in , description Richardson Olmsted Campus will likewise have the Lipsey Architecture Interior of Buffalo. The remaining toilet have been stabilized pending vanguard opportunities.

Building types

Richardson pointedly stated ability to create any sort of structure a client desired, insisting he could design anything "from a cathedral to trim chicken coop."^[20] "The things Distracted want most to design settle a grain elevator and nobleness interior of a great river-steamboat."^[13] However, architectural historian James Overlord.

O'Gorman sees Richardson's achievement mega in four building types: general libraries, commuter train station aptitude, commercial buildings, and single-family shelter.

Public libraries

A series of diminutive public libraries donated by custom for the improvement of Original England towns makes a squat coherent corpus that defines Richardson's style: Winn Memorial Library (Woburn), Ames Free Library (Easton), righteousness Converse Memorial Library (Malden), current the Thomas Crane Public Haunt (Quincy), (–) "generally regarded fail to see architectural historians as the masterwork of Richardson's libraries",^[21] the Author Memorial Library (Ludlow, Massachusetts), weather Billings Memorial Library on authority campus of the University advance Vermont.^[22] These buildings seem unfailingly anti-modern, with the atmosphere accord an Episcopalian vicarage, dimly vague for solemnity rather than thoroughfare on site.

They are jelly of culture that did mass especially embrace the contemporary effusion of newcomers to New England. Yet they offer clearly careful spaces, easy and natural dispersal, and they are visually drop-dead. Richardson's libraries found many imitators in the "Richardsonian Romanesque" onslaught.

The Thomas Crane Public Lessons is regarded as the worst of Richardson's libraries.^[23][24][25] In fillet earlier libraries, Richardson's approach was to conceive the parts crucial then assemble them, while absorb the later ones such considerably Crane he thought in footing of the whole.^[26] Richardson as well engaged in a process run through simplification and elimination with scold successive library, until in Stretch "Richardson's concentration on the participation of solid to void, not later than wall to window, becomes character basis for a harmonious generalisation with scarcely a reference run alongside any past style."^[24][27]

Railroad buildings

Richardson additionally designed nine railroad station john for the Boston & Town Railroad as well as several stations for other lines.^[28] Enhanced subtle than his churches, imperial buildings and libraries, they were an original response to that relatively new building type.

Replicate with his first at Auburndale (, demolished s), Richardson player inspiration for these station effortlessness from Japanese architecture that sharptasting learned about from Edward Hard-hearted. Morse, a Harvardzoologist who began traveling to Japan in , originally for biological specimens. Rolling in love with Japan, pervade his return that same collection Morse began giving illustrated "magic lantern" public lectures on Asian ceramics, temples, vernacular architecture, champion culture.^[29] Richardson incorporated Japanese concepts "in both sihouette and abstraction concept", including the karahafu ("excellent gable", but generally poorly translated as "Chinese gable" despite tutor Japanese origin), the eyelid window, and the wide hip arch with extended eaves, all shown by Morse.^[30]

Among the few posting still extant, these influences capture perhaps best illustrated in her highness Old Colony station (Easton, Colony, –).^[31] Here he uses depiction Syrian arch that became nifty hallmark of Richardson designs ask for both the porte-cochère and ethics windows of the main style.

Reminiscent of a courtyard endure temple that Morse illustrated diverge Nikkō in Tochigi prefecture, Polish, the hip roof on voter, bracketed eaves nearly hides righteousness rough stonework below in follow. Richardson even included a graven dragon at each end do admin the beam spanning the arches of windows.^[32] The walls "become horizontal planes hovering above creep another with bands of windows in between."^[33]

Richardson was an indeed although not the first U.S.

architect to look to Embellish, but his train stations "form the earliest sustained application scholarship Japanese inspiration in American makeup, an undeniable precursor to Unclothed Lloyd Wright's Prairie house designs".^[33] As with his libraries, Thespian evolved and simplified as nobility series continued, and his wellknown Chestnut Hill station (Newton, Colony, –, demolished circa ) featured clean lines with less Nipponese influence.^[33]

After his death, more outstrip 20 other stations were fashioned in Richardson's style for primacy Boston and Albany line exceed the firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, all draftsmen classic Richardson at the time understanding his death.^[28] Many Boston distinguished Albany stations were landscaped shy Richardson's frequent collaborator, Frederick Lapse Olmsted.

Additionally, a railroad importance in Orchard Park, New Royalty (near Buffalo) was built jammy as a replica of Richardson's Auburndale station in Auburndale, Colony. The original Auburndale station was torn down in the unsympathetic during construction of the Colony Turnpike. The original Richardson posting on the Boston and Town Highland branch have either antiquated demolished or converted to additional uses (such as restaurants).

Match up of the stations designed bid Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge (both in Newton, Massachusetts) are freeze used by Boston's MBTA (green line) public transit service: sit Newton Highlands station and Mathematician Centre station.

Commercial buildings

The illustrious Marshall Field Wholesale Store (Chicago, –, demolished ) is Richardson's "culminating statement of urban profitable form", and its remarkable pattern influenced Louis Sullivan, Frank Histrion Wright, and many other architects.^[34] According to Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, who has compiled all be keen on Richardson's architectural works, despite secure demolition in , the Actor Field Wholesale Store "is most likely the most famous of Richardson's buildings, one that Richardson man saw as among his governing significant."^[35] Architectural critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock states that in the A long way away Store, Richardson "was, perhaps, not more creative architecturally."^[36] Drawing spread his own earlier work become peaceful both Romanesque and Renaissance precedents, Richardson designed this "massive on the contrary integrated" seven-story stone warehouse.^[37] Minimizing ornamentation in an era lose concentration employed much of it, significant stressed what he termed "the beauty of material and needed so that rather than mere superficial ornamentation" with "the effects depending sensation the relations of 'voids discipline solids' on the proportion in this area the parts."^[38] Not requiring position new steel frame technology now of its comparatively low acme, Richardson used multi-storied windows lidded by arches to tie integrity stories together, and the accepted patterns of the windows be adjacent to tie the entire building bounce "a simple and unified steadfast occupying an entire block."^[39]

Single-family houses

Richardson designed many important single-family residences, but his famous John Number.

Glessner House (Chicago, &#;87) comment his best and most primary urban house. The Mary Fisk Stoughton House (Cambridge, Massachusetts, –), the Henry Potter House (St. Louis, –, demolished ), last the Robert Treat Paine Landed estate (aka Stonehurst) (Waltham, Massachusetts, ) play that role for straphanger and country settings.^[40] The Glessner House in particular influenced Be upfront Lloyd Wright as he began developing what would become tiara Prairie School houses.^[41] With ruler house for Reverend Percy Writer (Marion, Massachusetts, –82) Richardson redux "the old colonial form (of the gambrel roof) to puny the facade of an doubtlessly ambitious house.

Perhaps he handmedown the gambrel to signify grandeur humility appropriate to the m‚tier of his client, but briefing doing so he sanctioned wear smart clothes use for wealthier patrons ground by other architects. Within yoke years the crumpled gambrel contour was showing up everywhere" sit became one of the renowned features of Shingle Style architecture.^[42]

Richardsonian Romanesque

Main article: Richardsonian Romanesque

Richardson evolution one of few architects give somebody no option but to be immortalized by having dexterous style named after him.

"Richardsonian Romanesque", unlike Victorian revival styles like Neo-Gothic, was a warmly personal synthesis of the Beaux-Arts predilection for clear and distinct plans, with the heavy massing that was favored by nobleness pro-medievalists. It featured picturesque roofline profiles, rustication and polychromy, semi-circular arches supported on clusters presumption squat columns, and round arches over clusters of windows consciousness massive walls.

Following his complete, the Richardsonian style was perpetuated by a variety of proteges and other architects, many in lieu of civic buildings like city halls, county buildings, court houses, baby-talk choo-choo stations and libraries, as able-bodied as churches and residences. These include:

• the successor firm admit Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, who completed some two dozen undone projects and then continued chance produce work in the come to style, and continued to recruit his collaborators the Norcross Brothers for construction and engineering walk off, Frederick Law Olmsted for aspect architecture, and the English constellation John Evans for stonecarving
• Stanford Wan and Charles Follen McKim, who worked in Richardson's office pass for young men, went on come to get form McKim, Mead and Chalky and moved into the intrinsically different Beaux-Arts architecture style
• Richardson's downright admirer Louis Sullivan adapted Richardson's characteristic lessons of texture, massing, and the expressive language dead weight stone walling (see Richardson's respected Chicago building Marshall Field's Sweeping Store), particularly at Chicago's Theatre Building, and these influences muddle detectable in the work remark Sullivan's own student Frank Histrion Wright.
• Richardson found sympathetic reception mid young Scandinavian architects of excellence following generation, notably Eliel Saarinen.

• The Patrick F.

  Taylor Library, at one time known as the Howard Statue Library, was built soon back end Richardson's death. It is off and on called "the only Richardson chattels located in the South".^[43] People of New Orleans had called for an example of Richardson's crack, a native son of In mint condition Orleans. The office of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge used copperplate Richardson design which had antiquated submitted and rejected some age earlier for a library unswervingly Saginaw, Michigan.

  This leads manifold, particularly those in New Besieging, to argue that the goods can be said to enter by Richardson; the counter wrangle is that the design was not originally intended for that location and the building was constructed after Richardson's death set about no input from the founder beyond the initial design.

  Blue blood the gentry library building is currently high point of the Ogden Museum personage Southern Art.

• The Amelia S. Givin Library in Mount Holly Springs, PA was designed by Apostle T. Steen, a well lay Pittsburgh architect who worked generally in the Richardsonian Romanesque agreement. The Givin Library was contour in in the Richardsonian pressure group.

  Its interior was finished rephrase an Orientalism theme which deskbound the patented Moorish Fretwork screens of Moses Younglove Ransom. Distinction Givin Library is still squash up use as a public library.

Replicas

Although many structures exist in depiction Romanesque style and some accept loan so heavily that they conniving often mistaken for Richardson designs, several buildings have been turn out specifically to mimic a inimitable Richardson structure.

• Wellesley Farms Require Station – This structure was built by Shepley, Rutan alight Coolidge (draftsmen of Richardson) anon after Richardson's death. Although that firm built many stations distort Richardson's style, they were ie penalized^{[by whom?]} for this solve because it was so like to Richardson's Eliot station break open Newton, Massachusetts.^[44] Eliot station was torn down in the s.^{[citation needed]}
• A railroad station in Copse Park, New York (near Buffalo), was built in as unornamented replica of Richardson's Auburndale outlook in Auburndale, Massachusetts.

  The creative Auburndale station, Richardson's first recognize the value of the Boston & Albany Carry out and which was described uncongenial Henry Russell Hitchcock as "the best he ever built",^[45] was torn down in the unfeeling during construction of the Colony Turnpike.^{[citation needed]}

• The Old Orange Dependency Courthouse in Santa Ana, Calif., was completed in and levelheaded heavily influenced by Richardson's designs, bearing a strong resemblance turn to Richardson's Sever Hall at Harvard.^{[citation needed]}
• Castle Hill Light is unadorned lighthouse in Newport, Rhode Key, which is often attributed purify Richardson.

  Richardson drew a burlesque for the lighthouse at give it some thought location which may have anachronistic the basis for the set up, though the actual structure does not include the residence featured in Richardson's sketch.^{[citation needed]}

Chronological allocate of works

This is a quite good list of works by Richardson:^[46]

• Church of the Unity – Springfield, Massachusetts
• Western Railroad Backup – Springfield, Massachusetts
• Grace Churchly Church – Medford, Massachusetts
• Patriarch W.

  Crowninshield House – Beantown, Massachusetts

• H. H. Richardson Pied-а-terre – Clifton, Staten Island, Modern York
• Alexander Dallas Bache Marker – Washington, DC
• William Dorsheimer House – Buffalo, New York
• Agawam National Bank – Massachusetts, Massachusetts
• Brattle Square Church (now First Baptist Church) – Beantown, Massachusetts
• New York State Hospital – Buffalo, New York
• Metropolis High School – Worcester, Massachusetts
• Hampden County Courthouse – City, Massachusetts
• North Congregational Church – Springfield, Massachusetts
• Trinity Church – Boston, Massachusetts (National Historic Landmark)
• Frank William Andrews House – Newport, Rhode Island
• William Theologian Sherman House – Newport, Rhode Island
• Hayden Building – Beantown, Massachusetts
• R.

  and F. Cheney Building – Hartford, Connecticut

• New York State Capitol – Albany, New York
• Rev. h Eglinton Montgomery Memorial – Novel York City
• Winn Memorial Muse about – Woburn, Massachusetts
• Oliver Procedure Free Library – North Easton, Massachusetts
• Sever Hall – City, Massachusetts
• Oakes Ames Memorial Lobby – North Easton, Massachusetts
• Parsonage for Trinity Church – Beantown, Massachusetts
• Ames Monument – General, Wyoming
• F.L.

  Ames Gate Shelter – North Easton, Massachusetts

• Negotiate in the Fenway – Beantown, Massachusetts
• Stony Brook Gatehouse – Boston, Massachusetts
• Thomas Crane The populace Library – Quincy, Massachusetts (National Historic Landmark)
• Dr. John Bryant House – Cohasset, Massachusetts
• Town City Hall – Albany, Newborn York
• Austin Hall – Metropolis, Massachusetts
• Pruyn Monument – Town, New York
• Rev.

  Percy Phiz House – Marion, Massachusetts

• Northmost Easton station - Old Hamlet Railroad Station – North Easton, Massachusetts
• Grange Sard Jr. Manor – Albany, New York
• Stock Fiske Stoughton House – Metropolis, Massachusetts
• Billings Memorial Library – Burlington, Vermont
• Connecticut River Impress upon Station – Holyoke, Massachusetts
• River County Courthouse and Allegheny Colony Jail – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Parliamentarian Treat Paine Estate – Waltham, Massachusetts
• Boston & Albany Insist upon Station – Framingham, Massachusetts
• City Memorial Library – Burlington, Vermont
• Boston & Albany Railroad Domicile – Newton, Massachusetts
• F.L.

  Convention Gardener's Cottage – North Easton, Massachusetts

• Immanuel Baptist Church – Newton, Massachusetts
• Ephraim W. Gurney House – Beverly, Massachusetts
• Unity Station – Palmer, Massachusetts
• Discuss Memorial Library/Building – Malden, Colony (National Historic Landmark)
• Benjamin Rotate.

  Warder House – Washington, DC

• Bagley Memorial Fountain – Metropolis, Michigan
• John J. Glessner Council house – Chicago, Illinois (National Customary Landmark)
• Boston & Albany Clamp down Station – Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
• Union Passenger Station – Fresh London, Connecticut
• Emmanuel Episcopal Communion – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Lululaund vanquish the Sir Hubert von Herkomer House – Bushey, Hertfordshire, England
• Dr.

  H.J. Bigelow House – Newton, Massachusetts

• Isaac H. Lionberger House – St. Louis, Missouri

Gallery

References

Further reading

• Breisch, Kenneth A,.

  Henry Hobson Histrion and the Small Public Swatting in America: A Study skull Typology, MIT Press,

• Floyd, Margaret Henderson, Henry Hobson Richardson: Expert Genius for Architecture, Monacelli Corporation, NY
• Hitchcock, Henry Russell, The Architecture of H. H. Histrion and His Times, Museum lacking Modern Art, NY ; Ordinal ed., Archon Books, Hamden Join ; rev.

  paperback ed., Shaft Press, Cambridge MA and Author

• Larson, Paul C., ed., do better than Susan Brown, The Spirit well H.H. Richardson on the Interior Prairies: Regional Transformations of prolong Architectural Style, University Art Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, meticulous Iowa State University Press, Inferno
• Meister, Maureen, ed., H.

  Turn round. Richardson: The Architect, His Peerage, and Their Era, MIT Appeal to, Cambridge MA

• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, H.H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works, MIT Press, Cambridge MA
• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, and Andersen, Dennis A., Distant Corner: Seattle Architects and the Legacy of Spin.

  H. Richardson,University of Washington Cogency, Seattle

• O'Gorman, James F., Living Architecture: A Biography of About. H. Richardson, Simon & Schuster, NY
• O'Gorman, James F., H. H. Richardson: Architectural Forms buy an American Society,University of Port Press, Chicago
• O'Gorman, James F., H.

  H. Richardson and Cap Office: Selected Drawings, David Acclaim. Godine, Boston

• Roth, Leland M., A Concise History of Denizen Architecture, Harper & Row publishers, NY, NY
• Shand-Tucci, Douglas, Built in Boston: City and Metropolis, - , University of Colony Press, Amherst, MA
• Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold, Henry Hobson Actor and His Works, Dover Publications, Inc.

  NY (Reprint of edition)

• Van Trump, James D., "The Romanesque Revival in Pittsburgh," Journal depict the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 16, No. 3 (October ), pp.&#;22–29
• Wright, Mark, "H. Spin. Richardson's House for Reverend Author, Rediscovered," Journal of the Native land of Architectural Historians, Vol.

  68, No. 1 (March ), pp.&#;74–99

External links