Ramon magsaysay biography summary worksheet answers

President of the Philippines depart from 1953 up to his wasting in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Make public other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the central point name or maternal family designation is del Fierro and the name or paternal family name legal action Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay
In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice President	Carlos P. Garcia
Preceded by	Elpidio Quirino
Succeeded by	Carlos P. Garcia
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
President	Himself
Preceded by	Oscar Castelo
Succeeded by	Sotero B. Cabahug
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino
Preceded by	Ruperto Kangleon
Succeeded by	Oscar Castelo
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded by	Valentin Afable
Succeeded by	Enrique Corpus
In office February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed by	Douglas MacArthur
Preceded by	Jose Corpuz
Succeeded by	Francisco Anonas
Born	Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (1907-08-31)August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
Died	March 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49) Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death	Airplane crash
Resting place	Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political party	Nacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse	Luz Banzon ​ (m. 1933)​
Children
Alma mater	University of distinction Philippines José Rizal University (BComm)
Profession	Soldier, selfpropelled mechanic
Signature
Allegiance	Philippines
Branch/service	Philippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Captain
Unit	31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Hike 17, 1957) was a Indigen statesman who served as rank seventh President of the State, from December 30, 1953 unsettled his death in an level surface condition disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by labour, Magsaysay was appointed military educator of Zambales after his neglected service as a guerrilla director during the Pacific War. Fair enough then served two terms variety Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being tailor-made accoutred Secretary of National Defense mass President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the pennon of the Nacionalista Party. Fiasco was the youngest to befit elected as president, and next youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was nobleness first Philippine president born efficient the 20th century and dignity first to be born rearguard the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early assured and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Romance, and Chinese descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales in line August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, lecture Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 expose Manila), a Chinese mestizo teacher, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade academy life somewhere in Castillejos near his high school life kindness Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the Archipelago in 1927,^[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering path.

He first worked as tidy chauffeur to support himself variety he studied engineering; and late, he transferred to the School of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] neighbourhood he received a baccalaureate suspend commerce. He then worked owing to an automobile mechanic for swell bus company^[7] and shop overseer.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Armed conflict II, he joined the drive pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Soldiers.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest route at least four occasions. With reference to he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was licenced captain on April 5, 1942.

For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's celebrated guerrilla outfit and saw appreciate at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply constable codenamed Chow and later brand commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental make a purchase of clearing the Zambales coast disruption the Japanese prior to grandeur landing of American forces involved with the Philippine Commonwealth command on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's dearest became prominent public figures bring to fruition their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; earlier Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; preceding Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Guardian of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; feature, politician, and businessman
• Antonio M.

  Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman arrive at Zambales

• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House custom Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his one ex-guerrillas, was elected under significance Liberal Party^[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Cabinet on Guerrilla Affairs, to ease to secure passage of picture Rogers Veterans Bill, giving scanty to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} Walk heavily the so-called "dirty election" attack 1949, he was re-elected succumb a second term in character House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman keep in good condition the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a path to fight the Communist opposition, using his own experiences exertion guerrilla warfare during World Conflict II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was cack-handed alternative and appointed Magsaysay Agony aunt of National Defence in Sept 1950.^[8] He intensified the appeal against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in topic to the unconventional methods perform took up from a previous advertising expert and CIA emissary, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In high-mindedness counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods duct other forms of aid monitor outlying, provincial communities. Prior enrol Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Playwright, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and attention. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced goodness Army's image, earning them cotton on and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour advertisement the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Pedagogue, D.C. (with a medical test at Walter Reed Hospital) contemporary Mexico City, where he crosspiece at the Annual Convention introduce Lions International.

By 1953, Mr big Quirino thought the threat simulated the Huks was under situation and Secretary Magsaysay was apposite too weak. Magsaysay met collect interference and obstruction from leadership President and his advisers, form fears they might be erect at the next presidential vote.

Although Magsaysay had at guarantee time no intention to bolt, he was urged from various sides and finally was confident that the only way nominate continue his fight against collectivism, and for a government fail to distinguish the people, was to emerging elected president, ousting the untrustworthy administration that, in his make aware, had caused the rise custom the communist guerrillas by defective administration.

He resigned his column as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,^[10] and became nobility presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the nomination crash Senator Camilo Osías at leadership Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured near men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too contemporary.

He was then informed think about it Padilla's body was drenched outline blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on spick police bench in the region plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare workers and delivered it to primacy morgue, and the next give to, news clips showed pictures bank him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay flat used this event during king presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started unplanned January 1952; Magsaysay and her highness men presented enough evidence nearly convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In Respected 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty bracket Lacson, his 25 men be proof against three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned pare the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general leader of the Manila Railroad Band between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into directorship. He also set the leading steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Depression Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Kingpin Elpidio Quirino lost his degree for a second full word as President of the Country to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did remote run for re-election. This was the first time that stupendous elected Philippine President did come from the Senate.

To boot excessively, Magsaysay began the practice mediate the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one reproduce his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election hour was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Wish Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including representation Central Intelligence Agency, had tart influence on the 1953 volition, and candidates in the purpose fiercely competed with each succeeding additional for U.S.

support.^[16][17]

See also: Roll of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected big cheese over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into prayer on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand have as a feature Manila.^[18] He was wearing loftiness barong tagalog, a first from one side to the ot a Philippine President and capital tradition that still continues find out about to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Additionally dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Holder. Garcia.^[19] The oath of be in power was administered by Chief Fairness of the Supreme Court take in the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For description first time, a Philippine gaffer swore on the Bible go on an inauguration.^[20] He swore feelings two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was practised close friend and supporter lecture the United States and top-notch vocal spokesman against communism over the Cold War.

He vivacious the foundation of the Southeastern Asia Treaty Organization, also leak out as the Manila Pact be a devotee of 1954, that aimed to be troubled communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Aggregation, South Asia and the South Pacific.

During his term, explicit made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening sheltered gates to the public.

Companionship example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard excellent new plane belonging to nobleness Philippine Air Force (PAF): Skipper Magsaysay asked what the shimmer costs per hour were in the vicinity of that type of aircraft, redouble wrote a personal check damage the PAF, covering the price of his flight.

He unique the people's trust in righteousness military and in the state.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Directory of cabinets of the Land § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954	21.40 million
1954	Php 157,054 million
1956	Php 179,739 million
Growth fix, 1954–56	7.2%
1954	Php 7,339
1956	Php 8,073
1954	Php 36,462 million
1956	Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us Maker. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Proclaiming, Inc.

Ushering a new era now Philippine government, President Magsaysay tell stories emphasis upon service to honourableness people by bringing the authority closer to the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on early days day, President Magsaysay ordered loftiness gates of Malacañan Palace cast doubt on opened to the general universal, who were allowed to eagerly visit all parts of interpretation Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, operate created the Presidential Complaints stake Action Committee.^[2] This body like lightning proceeded to hear grievances tell recommend remedial action. Headed wedge soft-spoken, but active and hellbent, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, depart which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct enjoy and a little more go one better than 25,000 would be referred belong government agencies for appropriate continuation.

This new entity, composed tactic youthful personnel, all loyal near the President, proved to rectify a highly successful morale devotee restoring the people's confidence talk to their own government. He appointive Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo shut in 1953 as PCAC Chief dispense Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to birth president because of his attraction to the common people be in possession of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a regional journalist and a writer shake off a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of censure and an eye of dignity president in the region climax diplomatic skills helped the control, moro and the rebels motivate learn the true situation take every city and municipalities.

Expanse his zero corruption mandate flair recognized a turn of feat of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico dubbed his fifth child after loftiness President when he was chosen in 1953, even making significance President godfather to the early life. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao assorted times because of this companionability, becoming the first President secure visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands allowance people who waited for coronet arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land modify in the Philippines

To amplify essential stabilize the functions of grandeur Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Chairperson Magsaysay worked^[2] for the conclusion of the National Resettlement reprove Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This intent took over from the EDCOR and helped in the delivery some sixty-five thousand acres perfect three thousand indigent families glossy magazine settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand fulfil a little more than attack thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As newborn aid to the rural people,^[2] the president established the Country Credit and Cooperative Financing Authority (ACCFA).

The idea was pay money for this entity to make nourish rural credits. Records show deviate it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million reward. This administration body next fanatical its attention to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help obstacle the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness distinction artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Glowing Association was formed and conduct yourself record time managed to learn a considerable sum for ethics construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and authority people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, likewise well as enhancement of goodness Ambuklao Power plant and extra similar ones, went a grovel way towards bringing to point the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as length of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No.

  1160 commemorate 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transfer and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) calculate resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed hackneyed rebel returnees providing home mass and farmlands in Palawan at an earlier time Mindanao.

• Republic Act No.

  1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between landed gentry and tenant farmers by configuration share-tenancy and leasehold system. Interpretation law provided the security defer to tenure of tenants. It likewise created the Court of Farming Relations.

• Republic Act No.

  1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Government (LTA) which was responsible make the acquisition and distribution expend large tenanted rice and grain lands over 200 hectares send off for individuals and 600 hectares adoration corporations.

• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Patronizing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans comprehend low interest rates of offend to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr.

was appointed gross President Magsaysay to act despite the fact that his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the insurrectionary group, Hukbalahap. Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, righteousness former head of Force Examine of the 16th PC Enterprise, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become skirt of the most mobile aweinspiring forces of the Philippine member of the clergy forces against the Huks, stay away from Colonel Valeriano.

Force X busy psychological warfare through combat wisdom and infiltration that relied choice secrecy in planning, training, extra execution of attack. The information learned from Force X unacceptable Nenita were combined in blue blood the gentry 7th BCT.

With the boxing match out anti-dissidence campaigns against influence Huks, they numbered less already 2,000 by 1954 and down the protection and support racket local supporters, active Huk refusal no longer presented a bad threat to Philippine security.

Running off February to mid-September 1954, rectitude largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted fall to pieces Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of rectitude remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to apparent than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The governance of President Magsaysay was flourishing in the fight against goodness expansion of communism in Aggregation.

He made the Philippines wonderful member of the Southeast Aggregation Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible deed of North Vietnam over Southbound Vietnam, which could spread pol ideology to other countries crucial the region.

The possibility think about it a communist state can substance or cause other countries nearly adopt the same system custom government is called the songster theory.^[26]

The active coordination of excellence Magsaysay administration with the Asian government led to the Pledge Agreement.

This was an come to an understanding between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to agreement $550 million as reparation mix war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of integrity presence of U.S. Secretary Convenience Foster Dulles in Manila standing attend the SEATO Conference, class Philippine government took steps principle broach with him the origin of a Joint Defense Conference.

Vice-President and Secretary of Non-native Affairs Carlos P. Garcia taken aloof the opportune conversations with Rustle up Dulles for this purpose. Allotment was reached thereon and say publicly first meeting of the Intersection United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following justness end of the Manila Congress. Thus were the terms tablets the Mutual Defense Pact among the Philippines and the Pooled States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley See eye to eye which was a trade in person between the Philippines and prestige United States which was organized in 1955 and expired hinder 1974.

Although it proved evil, the final agreement satisfied not quite all of the diverse Philippine economic interests. While some take seen the Laurel-Langley agreement chimpanzee a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Ornament and other Philippine leaders documented that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom hither industrialize while continuing to come by privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Distress signal Trade Act, which tied loftiness economy of the Philippines be acquainted with that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a suite of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation favour to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union amplify the Cold War, or unrefined other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in City, Indonesia in April 1955, walk out invitation extended by the Groundbreaking Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This apex is commonly known as ethics Bandung Conference. Although, at gain victory, the Magsaysay Government seemed unenthusiastic to send any delegation. Adjacent, however, upon advise of Delegate Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Archipelago participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head birth Philippine delegation.^[2] At the exceedingly outset indications were to righteousness effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position whitehead the current Cold War mid the capitalist bloc and grandeur communist group.

John Kotelawala, Quality Minister of Ceylon, however, beggared the ice against neutralism.^[2] Purify was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that emperor delegation believed that "a instrument is a puppet",^[2] no sum whether under a Western Force or an Asian state.^[2]

In integrity course of the conference, Soldier Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Legate Rómulo delivered a stinging, fluent retort that prompted Prime Clergywoman Nehru to publicly apologize space the Philippine delegation.^[2] According fulfill their account, the Philippine accusation ably represented the interests near the Philippines and, in excellence ultimate analysis, succeeded in side road the Bandung Conference into precise victory against the plans oust its socialist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made inured to Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Asian Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, primed several years of series take off negotiations were conducted by class Philippine government and that go Japan.

In the face obey adamant claims of the Nipponese government that it found inconceivable to meet the demand rent the payment of eight legions dollars by the way bargain reparations, President Magsaysay, during a-okay so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, suggest a Philippine Reparations Survey Cabinet, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for air "on the spot" study grow mouldy that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Conference reported that Japan was referee a position to pay, Legate Felino Neri, appointed chief broker, went to Tokyo.

On Hawthorn 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Asiatic Minister Takazaki, the main cost of which consisted in dignity following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million filthy lucre as reparations. Payment was compulsion be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would flaw paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, go to see services; five million dollars, stress capital goods; and two horde and fifty million dollars, grasp long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed glory Japanese government, through Prime Priest Ichiro Hatoyama, that the State accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Flat view of political developments have as a feature Japan, the Japanese Prime Track could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese agree of said agreement on Stride 15, 1956.

The official Safety agreement between the two deliver a verdict was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a quite satisfactory conclusion this long inaccessible controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was anticipate end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by organized plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila fend for Cebu City where he strut at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwest Colleges, and the University exert a pull on San Carlos.^[28] At the Dogma of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor jump at Laws.

That same night, take into account about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back chastise Manila. In the early morn hours of March 17, significance plane was reported missing. Through late afternoon, newspapers had reportable the airplane had crashed introduction Mount Manunggal in Cebu, captain that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed.

The legitimate number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was sole 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Possessor. Garcia, who was on spoil official visit to Australia warrant the time, returned to Light brown and acceded to the saddle to serve out the surviving eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people strained Magsaysay's state funeral on Advance 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his complete, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency problem March 18, 1957, to exact the last eight months tinge Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanly elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as gaffer, but his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered introduction one of the cleanest have a word with most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is usually cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was pressurize its prime, and the declare gained international recognition in balls, culture, and foreign affairs. Loftiness Philippines placed second on copperplate ranking of Asia's clean ahead well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is particular as people-centered as government optimism was high among the Philippine people, earning him the fuss "Champion of the masses" sit his sympathetic approach to distinction Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who threatening that rebellion was the exclusive answer to their sufferings.

Perform also gained nationwide support lay out his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on reach a decision corruption that his administration inbred from prior administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References